Definitions in Architecture and Urban Planning
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Definitions in Architecture and Urban Planning
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Land Preparation: A set of operations that provide the land for housing construction, including:
(A) Infrastructure operations such as flooring and flooring, leveling and asphalting, provision of water and electricity installation networks, collection and disposal of surface water, sewage, and so on.
Building height: The vertical height of the highest point on the roof, from the middle slope of the street or adjacent passage.
Lands: Lands that have no history of civilization and restoration. It is gradually returning to the state of the waves.
Territory: Lands that have been restored and now owned and are currently being exploited. Urban Lands: Lands that are within the legal scope and protection of cities and towns. Balcony: A building floor that is confined to an open space on at least one side.
On: A piece of land that overlooks the passage
On Correction: A section of land that overlooks the passage has a corrective width and requires retreat. Pilot: A place to build a children's parking lot or playground on the ground floor.
Bucc: The base of an equilateral triangle with its legs leading to two sides of two intersections at the intersection, and the length of this rule specified or determined by the municipality.
Building Density: The ratio of the underlying building surface (gross floor area) of each plaque, divided by the total area of the same plaque.
Major changes: any changes to the structure (foundation, column, roof or lateral reinforcement system) that are necessary for the safety of the building.
Non-essential changes: Any changes to the interior or exterior of the building that are not necessary for safety and are made solely because of the type of use.
Street: Tracks over 4 meters wide.
Privacy: The range of lands that are protected around specific functions, for security or safety reasons, etc. The construction, use and utilization of said lands is subject to compliance with the relevant privacy rules.
Backyard: Small courtyards designed to capture light and air for different parts of the building, and its dimensions should not be less than the minimum specified. Underground: Any floor that has a maximum height of 2 cm above the median floor or is halfway below the level of the street or adjacent passage.
Occupancy Level: A level of land occupied by the land.
Gross floor area: The sum of the total floor area of the building including the exterior walls.
Ground Level: Ground level minus parking and commuting spaces (corridor, elevator, stairs, etc.) walls and other related uses.
Land Master Plan: Land use plan in the form of national and economic goals and policies by examining the facilities and resources of the country's urban and rural population centers and expanding the scope of current and future cities and towns, industrial, agricultural, tourism and service centers. To maintain order and coordination in the implementation of public sector private development programs.
City Master Plan: Long-term plan on how to use lands and zoning for residential, industrial, commercial, administrative, agricultural, facilities and equipment, urban facilities and general needs, outlines and locations of terminals and airports, ports The level required for the establishment of public facilities and equipment and facilities, renovations, improvements and priorities shall be determined and the terms and conditions applicable to all of the above, as well as the rules for the preservation of buildings and monuments and landscapes shall be established and adjusted.
Rural conductor plan: revitalizing and guiding the village taking into account social, economic and physical dimensions.
Urban Conductor Plan: A city development plan is designed for cities that either lack the master plan funding or are unable to develop a master plan. The plan is designed for small towns, especially towns with a population of about 5,000.
Comprehensive Plan: A plan based on the criteria and general criteria of the City Comprehensive Plan, how to use the city's land at different city levels, the exact location and area for each of them, and the precise and detailed network traffic and population density and density. Construction in urban units and priorities related to improvement, renovation, development, and resolution of urban problems and the location of all the different urban factors in it are determined, and ownership maps and specifications are prepared and regulated.
Plot: Land that has a document of ownership and should not be separated by a street or passageway.
Aqueduct: A set of several wells and an underground furnace (s) which, with a slope below the slope of the earth, assist the water in the aquifer (or layers) of elevated areas or rivers or lagoons and ponds. Earth's gravitational force, with no use of force and no electrical or thermal energy, is simply collected by natural flow and delivered to lower points. In other words, the aqueduct can be considered an underground drainage where the water collected by this drainage is brought to the surface and consumed by irrigation, drinking and ...
Usage: Determine the type of land use based on baseline studies to identify the city and familiarize with the distribution of urban activities. Urban uses include: residential, educational, green space, cultural-religious, health-care, sports, parking, utilities, utilities, public services, administrative-government, commercial, industrial, warehousing, transportation, agriculture, garden . The concept of a user is related to a master plan or a detailed plan or conductor plan.
Mixed Use: Combining multiple functions from different users in one plot (commercial, office and residential)
Floors: Level elevation of the base of building height relative to the average level of elevation and walking perimeter of land or property.
Alley: Passages less than 2 meters wide.
Alley: Roads that are 4 m or more in width.
Iranian Climate Divisions and Design Considerations:
Climate Definition: Climate is a set of physical, chemical and biological factors that determine the characteristic of a region. Basically, the climate informs the geographical location of certain, homogeneous and homogeneous areas, and the type of climate is determined by geographical divisions and altitude. In general, factors such as sunlight, humidity and air temperature, wind, rainfall, natural position of the area and its vegetation are involved in determining the type of climate. Human life, and consequently its architecture and construction, is commensurate with the climate of each region.
In many parts of the world, climate is characterized by latitude, altitude and sea level. Iran is located at a height of 2 and 5 degrees, with a high plateau and most of its land height is less than 2 meters and constitutes a very small percentage of the country's surface. Iran has two major blue areas. The southern basin includes the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean and the northern basin includes the Caspian Sea. The existence of the Alborz and Zagros Mountains restricts the effects of these two areas to areas very close to them and prevents temperate, humid, and cold air from reaching the middle and desert parts of the country.
This has caused various climates in various parts of Iran, known as the Four Climates. These items are:
1- Temperate and humid climate (south coast of the Caspian Sea)
2- Cold climate (western mountains of the country and its wetlands)
3) hot and dry climate (central plateau of Iran)
4) Warm and humid climate (southern coast of Iran)
The characteristics of each of these climates are as follows.
Moderate and humid climate
The main features of this climate are: temperate climate, high humidity and high rainfall. Geographically, this climate includes lowland plains of the southern coast of the Mazandaran Sea. And as we move further east, the humidity will be somewhat reduced. In these areas, the temperatures in the summer are usually between 2 and 2 degrees Celsius, and in the nights between 2 and 3 degrees Celsius, and are usually above zero in the winter.
Design recommendations in temperate and humid climates:
Shape of the building: In these areas there are no restrictions on the shape of the building and can be used for free and even cross forms and is only recommended. Buildings extend east-west and are drawn with a narrow, horizontal cross-section.
Ventilation: In this climate, maintaining a constant flow of air is one of the most important factors of indoor comfort. Therefore, it is recommended to make the most of the local winds by using front openings and creating air passages between the different parts of the building as well as creating an open space between the two buildings as well as creating an open space between two adjacent buildings. .
Surfaces: In these areas, due to the use of airflow, the design of relatively high surfaces, high ceilings and wide verandas around the building is recommended.
Surface Color: There are no restrictions on the color of the exterior surfaces in this climate, but due to the heavy rainfall in these areas, the roofs have to be sloping.
They are designed to protect the rooms from the rain, wide balconies and closets around them. These spaces are used for work and rest many months of the year and sometimes for storage of crops.
Cold climate design recommendations
The shape of the building: In this climate, compact and dense building forms with square planes and near-cubic volumes reduce the effect of wind on the building.
Ventilation: In these areas natural ventilation can be controlled using natural ventilation or building materials, but in cold winter months, due to the extreme cold and low humidity, outdoor air should be kept to a minimum. . One of the major issues in winter is the prevention of transpiration on indoor surfaces. Transpiration cannot be prevented by natural ventilation, as unauthorized entry into the building induces cold and uncomfortable airflow. Also, due to the low moisture content of the air, the indoor air humidity is reduced which may cause the skin to burn and itch. So the best way to prevent transpiration is to install electric fans in areas where water vapor is produced (such as in the kitchen).
Surface Color and Texture: In cold climates, the exterior surface should be minimized to the volume covered, and the rough exterior of the building should also be applied to rough textures and dark colors.
Retractable surfaces: It is recommended to reduce the area of the retractable surfaces to the minimum possible and to use multi-glazed windows in windows that increase the number of walls in proportion to the increase in cold intensity.
Roof shape: The roofs of these areas should be flat so that they can be used as thermal insulation (snow roofing).
Features of hot and dry climate
The main features of this climate are: hot summers with intense sunshine, little rain, dry weather, cold winters, mild cold and sometimes cool with high fluctuations in day and night and different seasons, wind, storm and dust. , Low humidity and the lack of clouds in the sky, which can cause huge variations in air temperature in these areas. In summer, sunlight warms the surface up to 2 degrees Celsius per day, while at night the surface temperature drops rapidly to 2 degrees Celsius. Temperatures range from 2 to 2 degrees Celsius in hot summer days and 2 to 4 degrees at night.
Safety recommendations in hot and dry climates:
Shape of the building: The shape of the building extends along the east-west axis. Selection of appropriate body shapes is also recommended to reduce external surfaces facing east and west.
Ventilation: In this climate, the daily amount of natural ventilation should be kept to a minimum, as the indoor warm air will also increase the indoor air temperature. On the other hand, as the humidity in these areas is low, there is a possibility for the body to cool by evaporation of sweat, so there is no need for rapid airflow to evaporate. It is also possible to penetrate outside air through the windows seam and no longer need to open windows, so the surfaces and number of openings should be minimized and installed on the upper part of the walls. Creating vertical canopies for pop-ups is also recommended.
In this climate, it is necessary to enclose the building with relatively high integrated walls, and it is recommended that a central courtyard be opened to the interiors and the creation of a dock and a fountain in the shade and in the direction of the movement of air, for evaporative cooling.
Type of Materials: It is recommended to use materials with high heat capacity such as clay and flowers in this climate
Roof shape: The roof of the buildings in this area should be made of truss, vault or dome.
Surface Paint: The use of bright colors and not too rough surfaces on the exterior walls and exterior walls is recommended to reduce the heat generated by the walls as a result of sun exposure to the exterior.
Warm and humid climate characteristics:
This climate is very hot and humid in summers and temperate in winter, with temperatures reaching 2 to 2 degrees Celsius in summer, with maximum relative humidity of 5 percent. The intensity of sunlight in this climate causes eye irritation. Of course, the intensity of the sun's radiation depends on the state of the air and the amount of radiation reflected from the earth, depending on the state of the sky and the type of ground cover.
So when the cloudy sky and the earth's surface are covered with vegetation, this is minimized, and if the air is clear and clean, the amount of radiation reflected from the earth's surface will be maximized. The rainfall in this climate is different and generally more regular on the Gulf coast and more frequent on the coast of Oman due to irregular rain and drought.
Design recommendations in warm and humid climates
Shape of the building: Due to the high intensity of the sunlight, the shape of the building should be drawn and a rectangular cube shaped along the east-west axis. .
Ventilation: In this climate, the outside air should be prevented from entering the building and natural ventilation should be used to control and reduce indoor temperatures. All rooms in the building must have pop-ups, doors or windows, and lattice windows are essential to prevent insects from entering the room due to natural ventilation and airflow. So, it is best to install these meshes with respect to the window and not to adhere to the windows. The use of double glazed windows and vertical awnings for windows is also recommended.
Type of Materials: In these areas, low-capacity building materials are used.
Orientation: It is recommended to place the building in the direction of favorable winds and a high roof.
refrence: http://tickstone.com/
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